A Descriptive Study of Mental Health and Physical Activity in Adolescents

Abstract


INTRODUCTION
Health is the main thing. The COVID-19 pandemic has raised several health problems, one of which is mental health, which is an important aspect of overall health [1]. The mental health problem that occurs is schizophrenia; data shows the incidence rate reaches 0.7-1% of the total population in the world [2]. WHO (2016) shows that out of 450 people with mental health problems and a total of 21 million people have schizophrenia [3]. Mental health problems rank third out of five health problems in the world after COVID- 19 and cancer. The most common mental health problems are anxiety and depression [4].
In Indonesia, the prevalence of mental disorder schizophrenia was 1.7 per 1,000 people in 2013, increasing to 7 per 1,000 people in 2018. Metal health problems are also experienced by residents aged over 15 years, namely 6.1 per thousand people with depression and 9.8 per thousand people with mental and emotional disorders. Ironically, only 9% undergo medical treatment and some 91% do not [3]. During the COVID-19 pandemic, data showed that 1 in 5 people had suicidal thoughts [5]. The incidence of mental disorders of schizophrenia in Bali has also increased, from 2.3 per thousand population in 2013 to 11 per thousand population in 2018. This means that Bali is the first in Indonesia with mental disorders. Up to 5 per 1,000 people in Bali experience depression and emotional mental disorders at the age of more than 15 years [3]. These data show that mental health problems can be experienced by adults and adolescents [6]. Adolescence occurs when there are many emotional changes, and imperfect self-control causes mental health problems. Adolescent emotions explode and flare up. A lack of emotional control at this time will bring up emotional mental problems such as problems with selfconcept, and so on. The prevalence of adolescent emotional mental problems in districts and cities in Bali was found in the Buleleng Regency, which was the most prevalent, namely 11.91% (2,276 people), while the lowest prevalence was found in the Badung Regency, with 1.01% (2,346 people).
The prevalence of emotional mental problems in Denpasar City is 3.12% (3,348 people) [3].
The prevalence of depression in adolescents (15-24 years of age) is 6.2%. Severe depression tends to hurt oneself (self-harm) to the point of suicide. 80-90% of suicides are caused by depression and anxiety [7]. Even more dangerous is the initiative to take unexpected actions, namely suicide. Even if the depression is not too severe, the risk of suicide is still there [8]. Depression in adolescents can be caused by various causes, including academic pressure, bullying, family factors, and financial problems [7]. The negative behavior of adolescents leading to suicide must be addressed and prevented because adolescents are the next generation of the nation. One of the efforts promoted by the WHO as a suicide prevention measure is to identify people at risk of suicide early, for example, by recognizing their level of suicide risk [8]. Mental health can be affected by various things, one such factor is physical activity. The tendency at this time is for teenagers to be more passive. Due to technological developments in this modern era, teenagers prefer to play games, hold gadgets, and watch television, which causes them to be too lazy to move. The evidence showed that 49% of the 91 adolescents whose physical activity is in the mild category [6].
Another study also showed that 90.5% of female adolescents were physically active at

Study design
This was quantitative descriptive research with a cross-sectional approach. The research population and location was adolescents in Ubung Kaje Village with the total 780 people.
Sample calculation using the Slovin formula that showed 265 respondents.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria were for adolescents aged 11-24 years [11], willing to be respondents,  Table 1.

Instruments
The measuring instrument used the SRQ-29 questionnaire to assess mental health and the IPAQ questionnaire to measure physical activity. This instrument is a standard instrument so that researchers did not test its validity, the SRQ-29 instrument has been used by Riskesdas in 2018 to measure emotional mental disorders in adolescents [12].  , at Table 2, Table 3, Table 4,       [19]. Researchers assume that female adolescents have a higher risk of experiencing mental health problems due to the faster development experienced by women than men, physiologically women experience puberty faster than men.

Physical Activity
The results of research on the physical activity of adolescents were 30.6% low physical activity, 39.6% moderate physical activity, and 29.8% high physical activity. Physical activity is an activity that affects heart rate, sweating, and changes in breathing patterns [20]. In this study, most adolescents did  [23]. A qualitative study also showed that through physical activity, exercise can provide mental health to adolescents with bipolar disorder [24]. Other research related to physical activity, namely deep breathing, can control anger [25]. Physical activity in the form of yoga pranayama can reduce depression [26].
Performing physical activity with poco-poco gymnastics can improve mental health by reducing symptoms of violent behavior [27].
Physical activity in the form of Zumba exercises can maintain mental health [28].
Physical activity in the form of yoga pranayama can reduce work stress.

LIMITATION
In this study, the age limit for teens used by the researchers was based on "BKKBN" from ages 10-24 years, but the SRQ-29 questionnaire suggested that the results would be better at the age limit starting at 14 years.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST
There is no conflict of interest in this research

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Wira Medika Bali Health College for the support given, so that this article can be completed properly, we also thank the respondents for their cooperation, so we can complete this research.